1295 lines
83 KiB
HTML
1295 lines
83 KiB
HTML
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<meta name="author" content="Prof. Dr. Andreas Claßen">
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<title>Linux Praktikumstermin 2025_05: Processes / Files</title>
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<body class="article">
|
||
<div id="header">
|
||
<div id="itsheader">
|
||
<div id="header-text">
|
||
<h1>Linux Praktikumstermin 2025_05: Processes / Files</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="header-image"><img src="https://login.fh-aachen.de/idp/images/fh-logo-left.svg" height="120px" alt="FH Logo" id="topright"/></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="details">
|
||
<span id="author" class="author">Prof. Dr. Andreas Claßen</span><br>
|
||
<span id="email" class="email"><a href="mailto:a.classen@fh-aachen.de">a.classen@fh-aachen.de</a></span><br>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="toc" class="toc">
|
||
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
|
||
<ul class="sectlevel1">
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_general_notes_with_respect_to_this_lab_exercise">General Notes with respect to this Lab Exercise</a>
|
||
<ul class="sectlevel2">
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_faq_concerning_lab_work_of_lehrgebiet_informationstechnische_systeme_its">FAQ concerning Lab Work of Lehrgebiet <em>Informationstechnische Systeme (ITS)</em></a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_on_your_own_computer_virtualbox_installation">On your own computer: VirtualBox Installation</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_operating_the_virtualbox_vm">Operating the VirtualBox VM</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_persistence_of_data_and_changes">Persistence of data and changes</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_interrupting_the_lab_work_shut_down_the_vm_do_not_pause_it">Interrupting the Lab Work: Shut down the VM, do not pause it</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_superuser_permissions">Superuser Permissions</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_download_and_setup_of_the_virtual_machine_vm_processes_files_vm"> Download and Setup of the Virtual Machine (VM) <code>Processes_Files_VM</code></a>
|
||
<ul class="sectlevel2">
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_starting_the_vm">Starting the VM</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_account_data_for_the_vm">Account Data for the VM</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_result_logging">Result logging</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_pseudo_files_for_processes">Pseudo files for Processes</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_file_system_jails_chroot">File system 'Jails': chroot</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_using_files_as_disks">Using Files as Disks</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_simple_containers_using_overlay_filesystem">Simple Containers using Overlay Filesystem</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#sect_id_upload_of_console_log_file_and_completion_of_this_lab">Upload of console log file and completion of this lab</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="content">
|
||
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_general_notes_with_respect_to_this_lab_exercise">
|
||
<summary class="h2-summary">General Notes with respect to this Lab Exercise</summary>
|
||
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_faq_concerning_lab_work_of_lehrgebiet_informationstechnische_systeme_its">
|
||
<summary class="h3-summary">FAQ concerning Lab Work of Lehrgebiet <em>Informationstechnische Systeme (ITS)</em></summary>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>As the technical setup (using VirtualBox Virtual Machines) is similar
|
||
in several of Prof. Classen’s lectures / labs, we provide shared FAQ answers
|
||
in a separate, shared Ilias course at
|
||
<a href="https://www.ili.fh-aachen.de/goto_elearning_crs_367289.html">Support für die WF Praktika Prof. Claßen</a>.
|
||
Feel free to become a member of that Ilias course.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>A
|
||
<a href="https://www.ili.fh-aachen.de/ilias.php?baseClass=ilWikiHandlerGUI&ref_id=367292&cmd=view">Wiki</a>
|
||
there provides FAQ answers
|
||
related to the technical setup of the Prof. Classen labs.
|
||
New FAQ answers will be added on demand.
|
||
If you have problems creating and starting the VM,
|
||
first check the information in our FAQ.
|
||
In particular, the points on the topic of activating hardware virtualization on Windows systems.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Specific questions specifically related
|
||
to one module' lab only will however not be answered there, but in the Ilias of the specific module
|
||
instead. Only questions that are valid for multiple / all of the labs will be handled
|
||
via the shared Support Wiki.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_faq_concerning_lab_work_of_lehrgebiet_informationstechnische_systeme_its').open=false">(close: FAQ concerning Lab Work of Lehrgebiet <em>Informationstechnische Systeme (ITS)</em>)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_on_your_own_computer_virtualbox_installation">
|
||
<summary class="h3-summary">On your own computer: VirtualBox Installation</summary>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>VirtualBox Version 7.x is installed on the terminal computers.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>If you are working on your own computer,
|
||
so you should also install and use the latest version of Virtualbox 7.x.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_on_your_own_computer_virtualbox_installation').open=false">(close: On your own computer: VirtualBox Installation)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_operating_the_virtualbox_vm">
|
||
<summary class="h3-summary">Operating the VirtualBox VM</summary>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>With VirtualBox, the mouse and keyboard may be "caught" in the VM,
|
||
as soon as you click in the console window.
|
||
You can then "release" it by pressing the right <code>Ctrl</code> key.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_operating_the_virtualbox_vm').open=false">(close: Operating the VirtualBox VM)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_persistence_of_data_and_changes">
|
||
<summary class="h3-summary">Persistence of data and changes</summary>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The changes in the virtual machine are persistent
|
||
even if you have to shut down or reboot the virtual machine during the lab exercises.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_persistence_of_data_and_changes').open=false">(close: Persistence of data and changes)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_interrupting_the_lab_work_shut_down_the_vm_do_not_pause_it">
|
||
<summary class="h3-summary">Interrupting the Lab Work: Shut down the VM, do not pause it</summary>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>If you need to interrupt your lab work,
|
||
please do not pause the VM,
|
||
instead, shut down the VM.
|
||
Otherwise, when paused, the VM will not have a
|
||
working network connection when you continue your work.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_interrupting_the_lab_work_shut_down_the_vm_do_not_pause_it').open=false">(close: Interrupting the Lab Work: Shut down the VM, do not pause it)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_superuser_permissions">
|
||
<summary class="h3-summary">Superuser Permissions</summary>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Many of the commands and file content changes in the following exercises
|
||
require superuser (<code>root</code>) permissions, because they impact general system settings. In many cases, this is explicitly mentioned in the explanation of the respective exercise.
|
||
We do however expect you to understand the concept,
|
||
so therefore there might be cases where you are expected to recognize and handle this yourself.
|
||
As a general hint: should you get error messages like <code>command not found</code> or <code>Permission denied</code>
|
||
when issueing a command, this might be an indication
|
||
that the respective command needs to be executed as
|
||
<code>root</code> superuser.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_superuser_permissions').open=false">(close: Superuser Permissions)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_general_notes_with_respect_to_this_lab_exercise').open=false">(close: General Notes with respect to this Lab Exercise)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_download_and_setup_of_the_virtual_machine_vm_processes_files_vm">
|
||
<summary class="h2-summary"> Download and Setup of the Virtual Machine (VM) <headingcode>Processes_Files_VM</headingcode></summary>
|
||
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary class="title"><strong>On the FH Aachen PCs:</strong></summary>
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Start VirtualBox.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p><strong>Importing the appliance for the ITS-VM ("ITS" == "Lehrgebiet Informationstechnische Systeme, Prof. Claßen"):</strong></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Open the windows command shell <strong>cmd.exe</strong> by clicking on the menu in the bottom left corner, then "blindly" type in <strong>cmd</strong>, followed
|
||
by a left click onto <strong>cmd.exe</strong>.
|
||
Enter the following command into the shell:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="cmd"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>net use S: \\ad.fh-aachen.de\files\FB05\StudiShare
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>You should now see a new drive <code>S:</code> in the explorer.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>=== Importing the appliance for the VM) <code>Processes_Files_VM</code></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>In VirtualBox menu <code>file</code> :
|
||
<code>import appliance</code>, select <code>ITS_Client_debian12_AMD64_V02.ova</code> in
|
||
<code>S:\Classen\VM_OVAs\</code> ,
|
||
click <code>Next</code>,
|
||
change <code>name</code> setting to <code>Processes_Files_VM</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>On FH terminal room computers:
|
||
change <code>virtual disk image</code> to
|
||
<code>D:\VMs\Processes_Files_VM.vmdk</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="admonitionblock important">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="icon">
|
||
<i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="content">
|
||
<div class="title">Assign a new MAC address</div>
|
||
Important (on all computers):
|
||
Make sure to set the checkbox
|
||
<code>Assign new MAC addresses for all network cards</code>,
|
||
alternatively go to <code>MAC Address Policy</code>
|
||
and set <code>Include all network adapter MAC addresses</code>.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Finally click on <code>Import</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</details>
|
||
<details>
|
||
<summary class="title"><strong>On your private computer:</strong></summary>
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Download <code>ITS_Client_debian12_AMD64_V02.ova</code> from
|
||
<a href="https://fh-aachen.sciebo.de/s/voHfcjRsXAfYbfJ" class="bare">https://fh-aachen.sciebo.de/s/voHfcjRsXAfYbfJ</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>In VirtualBox menu <code>file</code> :
|
||
<code>import appliance</code>, select <code>ITS_Client_debian12_AMD64_V02.ova</code>
|
||
from your local download folder,
|
||
click <code>Next</code>,
|
||
change <code>name</code> setting to <code>Processes_Files_VM</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="admonitionblock important">
|
||
<table>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="icon">
|
||
<i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td class="content">
|
||
<div class="title">Assign a new MAC address</div>
|
||
Important (on all computers):
|
||
Make sure to set the checkbox
|
||
<code>Assign new MAC addresses for all network cards</code>,
|
||
alternatively go to <code>MAC Address Policy</code>
|
||
and set <code>Include all network adapter MAC addresses</code>.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Finally click on <code>Import</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</details>
|
||
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_starting_the_vm">
|
||
<summary class="h3-summary">Starting the VM</summary>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Start the VM.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Should you get an error message when starting the VM regarding
|
||
<code>VirtualBox Host-Only Ethernet Adapter is not a Host-Only Network</code>
|
||
(or similar), the name of the host-only network in your VirtualBox installation differs from
|
||
the name expected by the VM definition.
|
||
For the VM refusing to start, click on <code>Configure</code> (upper-left of the
|
||
VirtualBox window) and a settings window will open for that VM.
|
||
Click on <code>OK</code> without changing any VM settings.
|
||
This will nevertheless update the VM settings and correct the problem.
|
||
Start the VM again.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_starting_the_vm').open=false">(close: Starting the VM)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_account_data_for_the_vm">
|
||
<summary class="h3-summary">Account Data for the VM</summary>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The user accounts of the VM are:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="ulist">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>User: <code>itsadmin</code>, Password: <code>itsadmin</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Administrator-User: <code>root</code>, Password: <code>itsadmin</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_account_data_for_the_vm').open=false">(close: Account Data for the VM)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_download_and_setup_of_the_virtual_machine_vm_processes_files_vm').open=false">(close: Download and Setup of the Virtual Machine (VM) <headingcode>Processes_Files_VM</headingcode>)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_result_logging">
|
||
<summary class="h2-summary">Result logging</summary>
|
||
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>To show that you have successfully finished this lab, please upload a log file to ILIAS. The log file
|
||
will contain all commands that you typed in during your session and all system outputs.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>It is not a problem if there are commands in the logfile that did not work on first try or were typed in wrong,
|
||
we just want to see that at some point all the required commands were used correctly.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Open a terminal in the virtual
|
||
machine and start the logging by using the <code>script</code> command
|
||
(option <code>-a</code> means: <em>append to file</em> in case the file is non-empty
|
||
when the logging to file is started):</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>script<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-a<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>Linux-praktikum-05.log
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>The following output should appear:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>Script<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>started,<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>file<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>is<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>Linux-praktikum-05.log
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>From now on, please only use the console in which the logger is running, so that everything gets logged correctly!</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>If you want to interrupt the lab and shut down the virtual machine, e.g. to take a break, or if you get interrupted somehow,
|
||
you have to restart the logging when you continue.
|
||
Choose a new / different file name.
|
||
Finally, use a text editor to merge the resulting log files into a single file in the correct order.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>After completing the lab, upload the complete result files to the Ilias course.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_result_logging').open=false">(close: Result logging)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_pseudo_files_for_processes">
|
||
<summary class="h2-summary">Pseudo files for Processes</summary>
|
||
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Start a Python Interpreter in the background. The interpreter shall solely execute a continuous loop:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>python<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-c<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #BA2121">"while True: pass"</span><span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>&
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Find out via the <code>/proc</code> subdirectory related to the Python process which working directory the Python process was started with.
|
||
That means if the Python process tries to read a file from his "current directory", which directory would be searched forthe file?
|
||
(Such questions should only be answered for yourself, you do not have to answer "submit" …​)</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Find out via the <code>/proc</code> subdirectory related to the Python process which command this process was started with.
|
||
You should see the full command, but all parts of the command are "glued together". Why?
|
||
Because the driver for the <code>/proc</code> filesystem separates the individual parts (parameters) of the command with <code>\0</code> (<code>NULL</code>),
|
||
which means it is a list of C-strings. The following command at least shows that there are still "separators" between the parts of the command:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span>
|
||
<span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">2</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><span style="color: #19177C">PYTHON_PID</span><span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">$(</span>pgrep<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--newest<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>python<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">)</span>
|
||
cat<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--show-all<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/proc/<span style="color: #19177C">$PYTHON_PID</span>/cmdline
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>And by means of the following command, all <code>\0</code> characters are replaced by a line break:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>cat<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/proc/<span style="color: #19177C">$PYTHON_PID</span>/cmdline<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>|<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>tr<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #BA2121">'\0'</span><span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #BA2121">'\n'</span>
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Let the system output the environment (i.e., the list of environment variables with their values) of the <code>python</code> process.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Kill the running Python Interpreter:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>pkill<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>python
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_pseudo_files_for_processes').open=false">(close: Pseudo files for Processes)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_file_system_jails_chroot">
|
||
<summary class="h2-summary">File system 'Jails': chroot</summary>
|
||
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Download the <code>tar</code> archive (= "packed" archive file) of a basic Linux filesystem:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span>
|
||
<span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">2</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><span style="color: #008000">cd</span><span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/home/itsadmin
|
||
wget<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>https://github.com/ericchiang/containers-from-scratch/releases/download/v0.1.0/rootfs.tar.gz
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Unzip the archive as user itsadmin:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>tar<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>zxf<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs.tar.gz
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Take a look at the archive contents:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span>
|
||
<span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">2</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs
|
||
ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-al<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs/bin/
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Create a blank file <code>in-rootfs.txt</code> as follows.
|
||
This serves as a "marking" to recognize the directory <code>/home/itsadmin/rootfs</code> based on the existence of this file:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span>
|
||
<span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">2</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>touch<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs/in-rootfs.txt
|
||
ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Check that you are currently working as user <code>itsadmin</code>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>id
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Now execute the <code>chroot</code> command with administrator rights.
|
||
The command should start a bash shell (= command prompt, console session)
|
||
with the directory <code>/home/itsadmin/rootfs</code> as a root directory:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>chroot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>./rootfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/bin/bash
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Check that this shell really has the directory above as its root directory by looking for the file <code>in-rootfs.txt</code>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Check that due to the <code>chroot</code> you are now working as administrator user <code>root</code>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>id
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Now check that even the Administrator user <code>root</code> can not leave the "restricted root directory":</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span>
|
||
<span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">2</span>
|
||
<span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">3</span>
|
||
<span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">4</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><span style="color: #008000">cd</span><span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/
|
||
ls
|
||
<span style="color: #008000">cd</span><span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>..
|
||
ls
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>But by leaving the shell by means of <code>exit</code> you get out of the <code>chroot</code> "filesystem jail".
|
||
<code>chroot</code> was only applicable for the <code>bash</code> shell program that was started by it …​</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><span style="color: #008000">exit</span>
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Also applications can run in a <code>chroot</code>.
|
||
We will try this via a Python interpreter that will run a mini web server.
|
||
First, we check that Python interpreter executable exists within the filesystem under <code>rootfs</code>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs/usr/bin/python
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>For Python to work, the following workaround is necessary (otherwise <code>/dev/urandom</code> will b emissing, which is needed by Python):</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--bind<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs/dev
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Now we can start Python in the <code>chroot</code> "jail":</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>chroot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>python<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-m<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>http.server
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Via a new, other console, call a web page served by this web server:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>curl<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>localhost:8000
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Note: The file <code>in-rootfs.txt</code> is also part of the listing on this web page!</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Switch to the console in which the Python program is running.
|
||
Exit the program via <code>Ctrl-C</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Leave the <code>chroot</code> "filesystem jail":</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><span style="color: #008000">exit</span>
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>End the above workaround:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>umount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs/dev
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>"::h1 Simple Container"</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Now combine PID namespaces and <code>chroot</code> using the following command:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>unshare<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--pid<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--fork<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>chroot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>./rootfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/bin/bash
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Take a look at the root filesystem as well as the current user of the "container".</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>To view the processes in the "container", a command must be executed that instructs the <code>procfs</code> driver to
|
||
make the needed pseudo files available within the <code>/proc</code> directory of the "container".</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>–t<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>proc<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>procfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/proc
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Now the processes visible in the "container" can be viewed via the <code>ps</code> command.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>End the container via <code>exit</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_file_system_jails_chroot').open=false">(close: File system 'Jails': chroot)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_using_files_as_disks">
|
||
<summary class="h2-summary">Using Files as Disks</summary>
|
||
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Use the <code>dd</code> command to create a file <code>/tmp/disk1.img</code>.
|
||
The file shall have a size of <code>512 MB</code> and shall be filled with zeros:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>dd<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">if</span><span style="color: #666666">=</span>/dev/zero<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #19177C">of</span><span style="color: #666666">=</span>/tmp/disk1.img<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #19177C">bs</span><span style="color: #666666">=</span>1M<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #19177C">count</span><span style="color: #666666">=512</span>
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Within the file, create a File system of <code>ext3</code> type.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Create a directory <code>/mnt/disk1</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Mount the file into the just created directory (<code>mount</code>).</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Create a new file in the directory.
|
||
You may have to do so as <code>root</code>, because standard users do not have write permissions in the directory.
|
||
Alternatively, you can also grant write permissions to the directory to all users and then create the file as the default user.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Check that the file is created successfully.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Check as well that a subdirectory <code>lost+found</code> also exists in that directory.
|
||
This automatically created directory is a good indicator that the directory is the root directory of a filesystem of a separate disk:
|
||
it is a kind of "wastebasket of the filesystem", where the filesystem possibly stores
|
||
orphaned files when filesystem operations should run into errors.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Unmount the "disk implemented via a file" at the location <code>/mnt/disk1</code> again.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Delete the directory <code>/mnt/disk1</code> as well as the data file <code>/tmp/disk1.img</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_using_files_as_disks').open=false">(close: Using Files as Disks)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_simple_containers_using_overlay_filesystem">
|
||
<summary class="h2-summary">Simple Containers using Overlay Filesystem</summary>
|
||
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Download the following file into the directory <code>/home/itsadmin</code> using <code>wget</code>:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>https://github.com/ericchiang/containers-from-scratch/releases/download/v0.1.0/rootfs.tar.gz
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Unzip with administrator rights (important) the downloaded file:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>tar<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-zxf<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs.tar.gz
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Switch to the <code>rootfs</code> subdirectory just created and as <code>root</code> user create four subdirectories there:
|
||
<code>container1_subdir_1</code>, <code>container1_subdir_2</code>, <code>container2_subdir_1</code>, <code>container2_subdir_2</code></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Let the system output the contents of directory <code>/home/`datei1.txt</code>, <code>datei2.txt</code>. /rootfs` and check that the four directories are present.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>As <code>root</code> user, create two files in each of the four directories:
|
||
<code>datei1.txt</code>, <code>datei2.txt</code>.
|
||
The content of the files does not matter and can also be empty.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Back as user itsadmin, in the <code>/home/itsadmin</code> directory, create the following subdirectories:
|
||
<code>upper1</code>, <code>upper2</code>, <code>work1</code>, <code>work2</code>, <code>overlay1</code>, <code>overlay2</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Now create two overlay filesystem structures:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span>
|
||
<span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">2</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-t<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>overlay<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-o<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #19177C">lowerdir</span><span style="color: #666666">=</span>rootfs,upperdir<span style="color: #666666">=</span>upper1,workdir<span style="color: #666666">=</span>work1<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>none<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>overlay1
|
||
sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-t<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>overlay<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-o<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #19177C">lowerdir</span><span style="color: #666666">=</span>rootfs,upperdir<span style="color: #666666">=</span>upper2,workdir<span style="color: #666666">=</span>work2<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>none<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>overlay2
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Let the system list the directory contents of the directories <code>/home/itsadmin/overlay1</code> and <code>/home/itsadmin/overlay2</code>.
|
||
You should both times see the files from <code>rootfs</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Enter the command <code>mount</code> and watch the last two lines of the output of the command.
|
||
There you should find the mounted overlay structures.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Open a new command line or a new command line tab and start a "simple container" there:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>unshare<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--pid<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--fork<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>chroot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>overlay1<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/bin/bash
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Check your user identity in the container and have the system output the contents of the root directory of the container using the command <code>ls /</code>.
|
||
You should see the files from <code>rootfs</code> there.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>In this first container, delete the directory <code>/srv</code> and all of its content.
|
||
Check that the directory is indeed deleted.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>In the root directory of the container, create a file <code>container1_added.txt</code>.
|
||
The file contents do not matter and can also be empty.
|
||
Insert a directory <code>/container1_added_subdir_1</code> and in this directory a file <code>/container1_added_subdir_1/container1_added.txt</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>In the container, recursively delete the directory <code>/container1_subdir_1</code> with all its contents.
|
||
Create a new file <code>/container1_subdir_2/container1_added.txt</code> and delete the file <code>/container1_subdir_2/file1.txt</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>After all these steps in the container, check that the required changes have all been executed correctly.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Now open another new command line or a new command line tab and start a second "simple container" there:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>unshare<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--pid<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--fork<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>chroot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>overlay2<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/bin/bash
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Check your user identity in the container and have the system output the contents of the root directory of the container using the command <code>ls /</code>.
|
||
You should see the files from <code>rootfs</code> there.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>In this second container, delete the directory <code>/media</code> including all its contents.
|
||
Check that the directory is indeed deleted.
|
||
Also, check that the <code>/srv</code> directory still exists, i.e. the deletion of this directory in container1 obviously has had no effect on container2.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>In the root directory of the container, create a file <code>container2_added.txt</code>.
|
||
The file contents do not matter and can also be empty.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Create a directory <code>/container2_added_subdir_1</code> and in this directory a file <code>/container2_added_subdir_1/container2_added.txt</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>In the container, recursively delete the directory <code>/container2_subdir_1</code> with all its contents.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Create a new file <code>/container2_subdir_2/container2_added.txt</code> and delete the file <code>/container2_subdir_2/file1.txt</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Switch to each of the command lines of Container1 and Container2 and check that the changes made in each container did not have an impact on each other container.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Switch to the command line of Container2.
|
||
Use the command <code>ps aux</code> to view the list of processes in the container and
|
||
terminate this command line and thus the container via <code>exit</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Also leave the command line or the command line tab that was opened for the container by means of <code>exit</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Switch to the command line of Container1.
|
||
Use <code>ps aux</code> to get the list of processes in the container and
|
||
terminate this command line and thus the container via <code>exit</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Also leave the command line or the command line tab that was opened for this container by means of <code>exit</code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Stop the mounting and end the existence of the two overlay filesystem structures:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span>
|
||
<span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">2</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>umount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/home/itsadmin/overlay2
|
||
sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>umount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/home/itsadmin/overlay1
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Now look at the contents of the directories <code>upper1</code> and <code>upper2</code> (including their subdirectories)
|
||
and analyze the results for yourself.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Take a look at the content of the <code>rootfs</code> directory and observe that all these activities have no changed the original directory contents.
|
||
The <code>container…​</code> subdirectories should also be completely present;
|
||
these were created before the containers were started and thus belong to the "initial state".
|
||
Also observe that in <code>rootfs</code>, the directories <code>srv</code> and <code>media</code> are still available with their contents.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>With administrator permissions, recursively delete the directories
|
||
<code>upper1</code>, <code>upper2</code>, <code>work1</code>, <code>work2</code>, <code>overlay1</code>, <code>overlay2</code> und <code>rootfs</code>
|
||
with all their contents.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_simple_containers_using_overlay_filesystem').open=false">(close: Simple Containers using Overlay Filesystem)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_upload_of_console_log_file_and_completion_of_this_lab">
|
||
<summary class="h2-summary">Upload of console log file and completion of this lab</summary>
|
||
<div class="sectionbody">
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>When you have finalized your lab work, you need to end the logging by entering <code>exit</code> into your console. The following output should appear:</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="listingblock">
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><div class="lineno"><table class="linenotable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span style="color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;">1</span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>Script<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">done</span>,<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>file<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>is<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>Linux-praktikum-05.log
|
||
</pre></div></td></tr></table></div></code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Start a webbrowser inside the virtual machine and upload the log file to ILIAS, using this web browser.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="paragraph">
|
||
<p>Shut down the VM, remove the VM completely (<code>delete all files</code>) and end your session.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_upload_of_console_log_file_and_completion_of_this_lab').open=false">(close: Upload of console log file and completion of this lab)</button>
|
||
</details></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="footer">
|
||
<div id="footer-text">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html> |