1229 lines
76 KiB
HTML
1229 lines
76 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="de">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<meta name="author" content="Prof. Dr. Andreas Claßen">
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<title>Linux Praktikumstermin 2025_06: Simple Container & btrfs</title>
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<style>
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</head>
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<body class="article">
|
|
<div id="header">
|
|
<div id="itsheader">
|
|
<div id="header-text">
|
|
<h1>Linux Praktikumstermin 2025_06: Simple Container & btrfs</h1>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="header-image"><img src="https://login.fh-aachen.de/idp/images/fh-logo-left.svg" height="120px" alt="FH Logo" id="topright"/></div>
|
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</div>
|
|
<div class="details">
|
|
<span id="author" class="author">Prof. Dr. Andreas Claßen</span><br>
|
|
<span id="email" class="email"><a href="mailto:a.classen@fh-aachen.de">a.classen@fh-aachen.de</a></span><br>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="toc" class="toc">
|
|
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
|
|
<ul class="sectlevel1">
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_general_notes_with_respect_to_this_lab_exercise">General Notes with respect to this Lab Exercise</a>
|
|
<ul class="sectlevel2">
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_faq_concerning_lab_work_of_lehrgebiet_informationstechnische_systeme_its">FAQ concerning Lab Work of Lehrgebiet <em>Informationstechnische Systeme (ITS)</em></a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_on_your_own_computer_virtualbox_installation">On your own computer: VirtualBox Installation</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_operating_the_virtualbox_vm">Operating the VirtualBox VM</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_persistence_of_data_and_changes">Persistence of data and changes</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_interrupting_the_lab_work_shut_down_the_vm_do_not_pause_it">Interrupting the Lab Work: Shut down the VM, do not pause it</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_superuser_permissions">Superuser Permissions</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_download_and_setup_of_the_virtual_machine_vm_container_btrfs_vm"> Download and Setup of the Virtual Machine (VM) <code>Container_btrfs_VM</code></a>
|
|
<ul class="sectlevel2">
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_adding_additional_virtual_hard_disks">Adding additional Virtual Hard Disks</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_starting_the_vm">Starting the VM</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_account_data_for_the_vm">Account Data for the VM</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_result_logging">Result logging</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_btrfs">btrfs</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_simple_container_with_file_system">Simple container with file system</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sect_id_upload_of_console_log_file_and_completion_of_this_lab">Upload of console log file and completion of this lab</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="content">
|
|
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_general_notes_with_respect_to_this_lab_exercise">
|
|
<summary class="h2-summary">General Notes with respect to this Lab Exercise</summary>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_faq_concerning_lab_work_of_lehrgebiet_informationstechnische_systeme_its">
|
|
<summary class="h3-summary">FAQ concerning Lab Work of Lehrgebiet <em>Informationstechnische Systeme (ITS)</em></summary>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>As the technical setup (using VirtualBox Virtual Machines) is similar
|
|
in several of Prof. Classen’s lectures / labs, we provide shared FAQ answers
|
|
in a separate, shared Ilias course at
|
|
<a href="https://www.ili.fh-aachen.de/goto_elearning_crs_367289.html">Support für die WF Praktika Prof. Claßen</a>.
|
|
Feel free to become a member of that Ilias course.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A
|
|
<a href="https://www.ili.fh-aachen.de/ilias.php?baseClass=ilWikiHandlerGUI&ref_id=367292&cmd=view">Wiki</a>
|
|
there provides FAQ answers
|
|
related to the technical setup of the Prof. Classen labs.
|
|
New FAQ answers will be added on demand.
|
|
If you have problems creating and starting the VM,
|
|
first check the information in our FAQ.
|
|
In particular, the points on the topic of activating hardware virtualization on Windows systems.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Specific questions specifically related
|
|
to one module' lab only will however not be answered there, but in the Ilias of the specific module
|
|
instead. Only questions that are valid for multiple / all of the labs will be handled
|
|
via the shared Support Wiki.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_faq_concerning_lab_work_of_lehrgebiet_informationstechnische_systeme_its').open=false">(close: FAQ concerning Lab Work of Lehrgebiet <em>Informationstechnische Systeme (ITS)</em>)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_on_your_own_computer_virtualbox_installation">
|
|
<summary class="h3-summary">On your own computer: VirtualBox Installation</summary>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>VirtualBox Version 7.x is installed on the terminal computers.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If you are working on your own computer,
|
|
so you should also install and use the latest version of Virtualbox 7.x.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_on_your_own_computer_virtualbox_installation').open=false">(close: On your own computer: VirtualBox Installation)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_operating_the_virtualbox_vm">
|
|
<summary class="h3-summary">Operating the VirtualBox VM</summary>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With VirtualBox, the mouse and keyboard may be "caught" in the VM,
|
|
as soon as you click in the console window.
|
|
You can then "release" it by pressing the right <code>Ctrl</code> key.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_operating_the_virtualbox_vm').open=false">(close: Operating the VirtualBox VM)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_persistence_of_data_and_changes">
|
|
<summary class="h3-summary">Persistence of data and changes</summary>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The changes in the virtual machine are persistent
|
|
even if you have to shut down or reboot the virtual machine during the lab exercises.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_persistence_of_data_and_changes').open=false">(close: Persistence of data and changes)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_interrupting_the_lab_work_shut_down_the_vm_do_not_pause_it">
|
|
<summary class="h3-summary">Interrupting the Lab Work: Shut down the VM, do not pause it</summary>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If you need to interrupt your lab work,
|
|
please do not pause the VM,
|
|
instead, shut down the VM.
|
|
Otherwise, when paused, the VM will not have a
|
|
working network connection when you continue your work.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_interrupting_the_lab_work_shut_down_the_vm_do_not_pause_it').open=false">(close: Interrupting the Lab Work: Shut down the VM, do not pause it)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_superuser_permissions">
|
|
<summary class="h3-summary">Superuser Permissions</summary>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Many of the commands and file content changes in the following exercises
|
|
require superuser (<code>root</code>) permissions, because they impact general system settings. In many cases, this is explicitly mentioned in the explanation of the respective exercise.
|
|
We do however expect you to understand the concept,
|
|
so therefore there might be cases where you are expected to recognize and handle this yourself.
|
|
As a general hint: should you get error messages like <code>command not found</code> or <code>Permission denied</code>
|
|
when issueing a command, this might be an indication
|
|
that the respective command needs to be executed as
|
|
<code>root</code> superuser.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_superuser_permissions').open=false">(close: Superuser Permissions)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_general_notes_with_respect_to_this_lab_exercise').open=false">(close: General Notes with respect to this Lab Exercise)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_download_and_setup_of_the_virtual_machine_vm_container_btrfs_vm">
|
|
<summary class="h2-summary"> Download and Setup of the Virtual Machine (VM) <headingcode>Container_btrfs_VM</headingcode></summary>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<details>
|
|
<summary class="title"><strong>On the FH Aachen PCs:</strong></summary>
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Start VirtualBox.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><strong>Importing the appliance for the ITS-VM ("ITS" == "Lehrgebiet Informationstechnische Systeme, Prof. Claßen"):</strong></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Open the windows command shell <strong>cmd.exe</strong> by clicking on the menu in the bottom left corner, then "blindly" type in <strong>cmd</strong>, followed
|
|
by a left click onto <strong>cmd.exe</strong>.
|
|
Enter the following command into the shell:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="cmd"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>net use S: \\ad.fh-aachen.de\files\FB05\StudiShare</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>You should now see a new drive <code>S:</code> in the explorer.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>=== Importing the appliance for the VM) <code>Container_btrfs_VM</code></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In VirtualBox menu <code>file</code> :
|
|
<code>import appliance</code>, select <code>ITS_Client_Debian12_AMD64_V02.ova</code> in
|
|
<code>S:\Classen\VM_OVAs\</code> ,
|
|
click <code>Next</code>,
|
|
change <code>name</code> setting to <code>Container_btrfs_VM</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>On FH terminal room computers:
|
|
change <code>virtual disk image</code> to
|
|
<code>D:\VMs\Container_btrfs_VM.vmdk</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock important">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">
|
|
<div class="title">Assign a new MAC address</div>
|
|
Important (on all computers):
|
|
Make sure to set the checkbox
|
|
<code>Assign new MAC addresses for all network cards</code>,
|
|
alternatively go to <code>MAC Address Policy</code>
|
|
and set <code>Include all network adapter MAC addresses</code>.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Finally click on <code>Import</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</details>
|
|
<details>
|
|
<summary class="title"><strong>On your private computer:</strong></summary>
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Download <code>ITS_Client_Debian12_AMD64_V02.ova</code> from
|
|
<a href="https://fh-aachen.sciebo.de/s/voHfcjRsXAfYbfJ" class="bare">https://fh-aachen.sciebo.de/s/voHfcjRsXAfYbfJ</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In VirtualBox menu <code>file</code> :
|
|
<code>import appliance</code>, select <code>ITS_Client_Debian12_AMD64_V02.ova</code>
|
|
from your local download folder,
|
|
click <code>Next</code>,
|
|
change <code>name</code> setting to <code>Container_btrfs_VM</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock important">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">
|
|
<div class="title">Assign a new MAC address</div>
|
|
Important (on all computers):
|
|
Make sure to set the checkbox
|
|
<code>Assign new MAC addresses for all network cards</code>,
|
|
alternatively go to <code>MAC Address Policy</code>
|
|
and set <code>Include all network adapter MAC addresses</code>.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Finally click on <code>Import</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</details>
|
|
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_adding_additional_virtual_hard_disks">
|
|
<summary class="h3-summary">Adding additional Virtual Hard Disks</summary>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Change the configuration for this VM under <code>storage</code>:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Click on
|
|
<code>Controller: SATA</code> (or` Controller: SATA Controller`).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Then click on the right icon with a plus sign that appears to the right (<code>Add hard disk</code>).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>There <code>Create new disk</code>, <code>File type</code>: <code>VDI</code>, <code>Next</code>, <code>Type of storage</code>:` dynamically allocated`, <code>Next</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>You can freely choose the file name and leave the suggested size of <code>10 GB</code>
|
|
(because of dynamic storage, the size of <code>10 GB</code> is actually not really allocated,
|
|
so this will not take up that much hard disk space on your physical computer),
|
|
<code>Create</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock note">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">
|
|
<div class="title">Add 3 virtual hard disks</div>
|
|
Repeat this procedure until you have added in total
|
|
3
|
|
such additional virtual disks
|
|
(that makes a total of 3+1 hard disks:
|
|
The operating system is installed on the first hard disk,
|
|
all other disks are used as data disks).
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_adding_additional_virtual_hard_disks').open=false">(close: Adding additional Virtual Hard Disks)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_starting_the_vm">
|
|
<summary class="h3-summary">Starting the VM</summary>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Start the VM.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Should you get an error message when starting the VM regarding
|
|
<code>VirtualBox Host-Only Ethernet Adapter is not a Host-Only Network</code>
|
|
(or similar), the name of the host-only network in your VirtualBox installation differs from
|
|
the name expected by the VM definition.
|
|
For the VM refusing to start, click on <code>Configure</code> (upper-left of the
|
|
VirtualBox window) and a settings window will open for that VM.
|
|
Click on <code>OK</code> without changing any VM settings.
|
|
This will nevertheless update the VM settings and correct the problem.
|
|
Start the VM again.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_starting_the_vm').open=false">(close: Starting the VM)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect2"><details id="sect_id_account_data_for_the_vm">
|
|
<summary class="h3-summary">Account Data for the VM</summary>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The user accounts of the VM are:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>User: <code>itsadmin</code>, Password: <code>itsadmin</code></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Administrator-User: <code>root</code>, Password: <code>itsadmin</code></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_account_data_for_the_vm').open=false">(close: Account Data for the VM)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_download_and_setup_of_the_virtual_machine_vm_container_btrfs_vm').open=false">(close: Download and Setup of the Virtual Machine (VM) <headingcode>Container_btrfs_VM</headingcode>)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_result_logging">
|
|
<summary class="h2-summary">Result logging</summary>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>To show that you have successfully finished this lab, please upload a log file to ILIAS. The log file
|
|
will contain all commands that you typed in during your session and all system outputs.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>It is not a problem if there are commands in the logfile that did not work on first try or were typed in wrong,
|
|
we just want to see that at some point all the required commands were used correctly.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Open a terminal in the virtual
|
|
machine and start the logging by using the <code>script</code> command
|
|
(option <code>-a</code> means: <em>append to file</em> in case the file is non-empty
|
|
when the logging to file is started):</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>script<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-a<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>Linux-praktikum-06.log</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The following output should appear:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>Script<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>started,<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>file<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>is<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>Linux-praktikum-06.log</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>From now on, please only use the console in which the logger is running, so that everything gets logged correctly!</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If you want to interrupt the lab and shut down the virtual machine, e.g. to take a break, or if you get interrupted somehow,
|
|
you have to restart the logging when you continue.
|
|
Choose a new / different file name.
|
|
Finally, use a text editor to merge the resulting log files into a single file in the correct order.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>After completing the lab, upload the complete result files to the Ilias course.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_result_logging').open=false">(close: Result logging)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_btrfs">
|
|
<summary class="h2-summary">btrfs</summary>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Install the <code>btrfs</code> file system driver and the tools required for <code>btrfs</code> using the software package <code>btrfs-progs</code>:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>apt-get<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>update
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>apt-get<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>install<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-y<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs-progs</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Create a <code>btrfs</code> file system using the two hard drives <code>sdb</code> and <code>sdc</code> as devices:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mkfs.btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/sdb<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/sdc</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Have the system output information about the file system.
|
|
Each of the two devices can be used as "reference" to the overall file system spanning the two devices:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>show<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/sdb
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>show<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/sdc</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Create a directory <code>/mnt/prakt</code> and mount the <code>btrfs</code> file system with administrator rights at this mount point.
|
|
Again, each of the two devices can be used as reference to the file system.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mkdir<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-t<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/sdc<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>|<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>grep<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Make the mounted file system writable for all users and copy some "dummy files" there:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>chmod<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>a+w<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>cp<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-r<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/usr/share/doc<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Now that the file system is mounted, the mount point can also in many cases be used as a reference to the file system.
|
|
E.g. the following command displays information about the file system "level of fill up" analogous to the "classic" <code>df</code> command:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>df<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Add another device:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>device<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>add<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/sdd<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>balance<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>start<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--full-balance<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>show<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">4</span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>df<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Now we remove one of the original devices:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>device<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>remove<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/sdc<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>balance<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>start<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--full-balance<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>show<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Create a new subvolume <code>SV1</code>, in the <code>/mnt/prakt</code> directory, i.e. at the top level within the <code>btrfs</code> file system:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>create<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/SV1
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>list<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Together with the subvolume the associated directory is also created. The directory is still empty, of course:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/SV1</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Make the directory writable for all users and create two files there (file content does not matter, can also be empty):</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>chmod<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>a+w<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/SV1
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span><span style="color: #3D7B7B; font-style: italic"># Create two files file1.txt and file2.txt in that directory</span>
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/SV1</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Place a second, nested subvolume:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>create<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/SV1/SV11
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>list<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/SV1/SV11
|
|
<span class="linenos">4</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>chmod<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>a+w<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/SV1/SV11</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Create two files <code>file11.txt</code> and <code>file12.txt</code> in this subvolume.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/SV1/SV11</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Place two mount points for the two subvolumes:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mkdir<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-p<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV1<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV11</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Mount the outer / upper subvolume <code>SV1</code>. Again, one of the involved Devices must be specified as a reference to the file system containing the subvolume. Observe that when mounting the outer subvolume, the inner / nested subvolume <code>SV11</code> is also automatically available:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-o<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #19177C">subvol</span><span style="color: #666666">=</span>SV1<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/sdb<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV1
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-R<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV1
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV1/SV11</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Now mount the inner subvolume <code>SV11</code> separately. This shows that each subvolume can also be mounted separately. And it is not a problem that <code>SV11</code> is now available via "multiple paths" in the file system:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-o<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #19177C">subvol</span><span style="color: #666666">=</span>SV1/SV11<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/sdb<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV11
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV11/
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV1/SV11</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Create a snapshot of the current state of the subvolume <code>SV11</code>. The snapshot is also made available as a subvolume. We need to specify where this new subvolume should be placed in the <code>btrfs</code> file system:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>snapshot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/SV1/SV11<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/sv11-snapshot
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>list<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>
|
|
<span class="linenos">4</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Create a mount point for the new subvolume and mount it there:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mkdir<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-p<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV11-Snapshot
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-o<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #19177C">subvol</span><span style="color: #666666">=</span>sv11-snapshot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/dev/sdb<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV11-Snapshot
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV11-Snapshot</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The snapshot is writable: delete the file <code>file11.txt</code> from the snapshot. Check that this file is really deleted in the snapshot, but is still available in the source subvolume <code>SV11</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Then delete the file <code>file12.txt</code> in the source subvolume <code>SV11</code> and check that this file is still available in the snapshot.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Now a backup of the snapshot could now be made, even if it takes a long time, and the original subvolume <code>SV11</code> could still continue to be in use and could be changed without jeopardizing the consistency of the backup’s data.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Unmount the snapshot:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>umount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV11-Snapshot</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Now delete the snapshot itself:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>delete<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--commit-after<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/sv11-snapshot</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Check that the snapshot is no longer available:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>list<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Now delete the mount point that is no longer needed:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rmdir<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV11-Snapshot</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Now also unmount the other mount:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>umount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV1
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rmdir<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/SV1</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_btrfs').open=false">(close: btrfs)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_simple_container_with_file_system">
|
|
<summary class="h2-summary">Simple container with file system</summary>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Download the following file into the directory <code>/home/itsadmin</code> using <code>wget</code>:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><a href="https://github.com/ericchiang/containers-from-scratch/releases/download/v0.1.0/rootfs.tar.gz" class="bare">https://github.com/ericchiang/containers-from-scratch/releases/download/v0.1.0/rootfs.tar.gz</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Copy the file <code>/home/itsadmin/rootfs.tar.gz</code> to the <code>/mnt/prakt</code> directory, i.e. to the <code>btrfs</code> file system.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Unzip the downloaded file with administrator rights (important):</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span><span style="color: #008000">cd</span><span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>tar<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>-zxf<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs.tar.gz</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Create a new subvolume <code>root_subvolume</code>:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>create<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>root_subvolume</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Move all contents of the <code>rootfs/</code> directory into the new subvolume <code>root_subvolume</code> and delete the emptied source directory:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>mv<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs/*<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>root_subvolume/
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>rmdir<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>rootfs</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Take a look at and remember how much space for <code>data</code> is occupied in the <code>btrfs</code> file system. The <code>rootfs.tar.gz</code> file is about 260 MB in size, the resulting files occupy about 705 MB, altogether under 1 GB:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>df<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Now we create two writable snapshots. These are then used as file systems for two containers. Because of the <em>Copy-on-Write</em> principle, the containers do not get real copies of the files, so little space is consumed per container. The original subvolume and its contents are not changed by the containers:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>snapshot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>root_subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>root_container1
|
|
<span class="linenos">2</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>root_container1/
|
|
<span class="linenos">3</span>
|
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<span class="linenos">4</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>snapshot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>root_subvolume<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>root_container2
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<span class="linenos">5</span>ls<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>root_container2/</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="paragraph">
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|
<p>Take a look at and compare with the previous value, how much space for <code>data</code> is occupied in the <code>btrfs</code> file system:</p>
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</div>
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<div class="listingblock">
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<div class="content">
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|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>df<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt</code></pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In case of real copying of all files, the occupied disk space would have increased by 2x 705 MB …​</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Open a new command line or a new command line tab and start a "simple container" there:</p>
|
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</div>
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<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
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<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>unshare<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--pid<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--fork<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>chroot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/root_container1<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/bin/bash</code></pre>
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Use <code>ls /</code> to list the contents of the root directory of the container. You should see the files from <code>rootfs</code> there.</p>
|
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</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In this first container, recursively delete the directory <code>/srv</code> and all of its content.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In the root directory of the container, create a file <code>container1_added.txt</code>. The file content does not matter and the file can also be empty. Create a directory <code>/container1_added_subdir_1</code> and in this directory create a file <code>/container1_added_subdir_1/container1_added.txt</code>.</p>
|
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</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Now open another new command line or a new command line tab and start a second "simple container" there:</p>
|
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</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>unshare<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--pid<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--mount<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>--fork<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>chroot<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt/root_container2<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/bin/bash</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Also in this container, use <code>ls /</code> to list the contents of the root directory of the container. You should see the files from <code>rootfs</code> there.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In this second container, recursively delete the directory <code>/media</code> including all of its content. Check that the directory is indeed deleted. Also check that the <code>/srv</code> directory still exists, i.e. its deletion in container1 obviously had no effect on container2.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In the root directory of the container, create a file <code>container2_added.txt</code>. The file content does not matter and can also be empty. Create a directory <code>/container2_added_subdir_1</code> and in this directory a file <code>/container2_added_subdir_1/container2_added.txt</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Change to the command lines of container1 and container2 and check that the changes made in each container did not have an impact on the other container.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Switch to the command line of container2. End this command line and thus the container via <code>exit</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Also end the command line or command line tab that was opened before starting the container container2 by means of <code>exit</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Switch to the command line of container1. Via command <code>ps aux</code> take a look at the list of processes in the container and end this command line and thus the container via <code>exit</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Also end the command line or command line tab that was opened for starting the container by means of <code>exit</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Starting from <code>/mnt/prakt</code>, take a look at the top level content of directory <code>root_subvolume</code>. The changes made in the containers should have had no impact on the contents of this subvolume.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Analyze the top level contents of the directories <code>root_container1</code> and <code>root_container2</code>. The changes made in the containers should be visible here.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Check the amount of occupied space in the file system:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>sudo<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>btrfs<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>filesystem<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>df<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>/mnt/prakt</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The amount of occupied space should not have changed significantly.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_simple_container_with_file_system').open=false">(close: Simple container with file system)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
<div class="sect1"><details id="sect_id_upload_of_console_log_file_and_completion_of_this_lab">
|
|
<summary class="h2-summary">Upload of console log file and completion of this lab</summary>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When you have finalized your lab work, you need to end the logging by entering <code>exit</code> into your console. The following output should appear:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre class="pygments highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8;"><code data-lang="bash"><span></span><span class="linenos">1</span>Script<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span><span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">done</span>,<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>file<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>is<span style="color: #bbbbbb"> </span>Linux-praktikum-06.log</code></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Start a webbrowser inside the virtual machine and upload the log file to ILIAS, using this web browser.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Shut down the VM, remove the VM completely (<code>delete all files</code>) and end your session.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<button class="close-button" onclick="document.getElementById('sect_id_upload_of_console_log_file_and_completion_of_this_lab').open=false">(close: Upload of console log file and completion of this lab)</button>
|
|
</details></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
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<div id="footer-text">
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